Powdered pigment compositions



Patented Oct. 7, 1952 rownnann PIGMENT COMPOSITIONS William T. Walton, Chicago, 111;, and Arthur B. Holton, Bay Village, Ohio, assignors to- The Sherwin-Williams Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio No Drawing. Application March 29, 1950, Serial No. 152,766

16 Claims. (01. 106218) This invention relates to powdered pigment compositions, to methods for the preparation thereof, and to a new and'improved method for the handling and application of pigments and vehicles therefor.

It is customary at the present time for the manufacturer to mix pigments directly'with suitable vehicles in order to supply the userwith a complete line of ready mixed paints, enamels, or lacquers, of different colors. Withthe usual pigments and vehicles the proper dispersion of the pigment in the vehicle ordinarily requires expert skill and apparatus which is not possessed by the average user. This procedure in the preparation and handling'of paint and other pigmented vehicles has the disadvantages that a wide variety of paint compositions must be carried in stock over relatively long periods of time, and the total quantity or bulk of paint in storage is necessarily very large. The demand for some colors is naturally much greater than for others so that the colors for which there is little demand will stand on the shelves of the paint shop or in a warehouse over a considerably longer period of time than the others. pigments tend to settle, skins tend to form on the surface of the paint, and special means must i be provided in some cases to redispersethe pig-v ments and toprevent the formation of such skins.

One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a new and improved system or procedure for the preparation and applicationof paints, enamels and other pigmented coating compositions wherein the handling and distribution of the compositions and the ingredients thereof are greatly facilitated.

Another object of the invention is to provide A further object of the invention is to provide a new and improved powderedpigment composition which is readily dispersible by hand stirring in suitable vehicles to produce paints, lac-' quers and other pigmented vehicles.

A more specific object of the invention is to provide new and improved powdered'pigment-' As a result, the

resin compositions which are readily dispersible in liquid vehicles, and are characterized by full color development merely by hand stirring within a relatively short time. Other objects of the invention will appear hereinafter.

' In accordance with this invention, it has been found that by milling resins with pigments in certain predetermined proportions new and improved pigment compositions are obtained which, when reduced to a proper particle size, are dispersible in the ordinary type of paint, enamel or lacquer vehicle merely by hand stirring to produce substantially full color development within a relatively short time.

Heretofore resins have been mixed with pigments, but, in general, the ratio of resin to pigment has been rather small, usually on the order of about 2% to about 5%. The amounts used have been calculated to produce films on the pigment particles on the order of a monomolecular film, and one reason for keeping the amount of resin low has been the desire to treat the pigment in such a way that its tinting properties are not affected.

' Inthe practice of this invention, it has been found that small amounts of resins applied to pigments actually defeat the purpose of the invention, but that by milling a resin with a pigment in predeterminedrelatively large proportions of resin to pigment, new and improved pigmerit-resin compositions are obtained which can be very readily dispersed in a suitable vehicle with excellent color development merely by hand stirring. The amount of resin required, for optimum results will vary somewhat with different pigments, but with each type of pigment there is a determinable minimum amount of resin to pigment, below which the desired results are not obtained. The amount of resin required appears to be related to the surface area of the pigment, and based upon the results obtained with various pigments it is apparent that the amount of resin required is substantially greater than that required to produce a monomolecular film or coating of the resin on the pigment particles.

Verbyla, in U. S. 2,000,003 has disclosed a dispersion of a pigment in a resin, the product being in the form of lumps or small pieces. While such product is dispersible in paint systems, a relatively long period of agitation is requisite to hand or manual dispersion. The time factor is believed to confine use of the Verbyla system principally to factory application where power mixing equipment is availables In order to obtain the rapid dissolution characteristics essential to a color concentrate for home use and manual stirring, we have discovered that the proportion of pigment dispersed in the total pigment-resin combination must be correlated with the average or mean particle diameter and the specific gravity ofthe pigment, and furtherclassification of the .particle.size.of; the pigment-in-resin product must be made, retaining the particles for use in color concentrates. within a relatively narrow range of particle size. It is believed that the failure of th'eprior art to= recognize these critical factors.has.been.instru-.-

mental in retarding public acceptancerofja dry;-

powdered color concentrate for customicolor mix. ing at home, and that the product disclosed, because it is rapidly dispersible bymanualstirring overcomes the principal objection to' prionsolidi color concentrates.

Pigments are classified herein in termspf arrticle size and specific gravity, that is, surface area per;pound, assmall, medium-and large. Chrome Yellow-: and: Chrome Green are examples. in ..the: first category, Iron .Blue anexample of. the =SCF- nd category, andLampblack and MonastralBlue; are examples of the-.thirdcategory. In terms-.of' particle. size, the igments in: the. firstacategory have; a: particle size (diameter. as.-measu-red bythe; photographic method of Green) within the. range ,-from:0.3:to 0.5..micron, in the, second cate.--

gory from 0.2 to 0.3-micron, and in the; third category from-0.08 .to 0.2. micron. (See Table-,A, columnll.) The predetermined. critical 7 mini-. mum; weight ratioof; resinrto: pigmentin. the.- powdered pigment composition, based. upon total weightof resin and pigment, will: vary from about 2.0%.- resin. for. pigments having surface and density characteristicsr inr the. first categoryto 65 %-for pigments-fin the; third-category, as. will be: more fully illustrated. hereinafter in the .ex-- amples:.

It-zhas:also,been.found, in accordance with the:- invention, that the..-color. development is -.affected by the; particle size of the powdered: resin-- pigment composition even though the. ratio. of resin: to. pigment remains constant and that the bestzresults are-obtained :within a predetermined range. of; resin-pigment, particle size. Within said predetermined range: of resin-pigmentpare ticle :size the. optimumcolor: development .is: ob.-- tainedina minimumperiod ofu manual stirring With .thesoptimum predetermined preferred .ratio of :resin toqpigment, the optimum particle size-for maximum-.color. development. in aminimum pe-- riod. of time :isabout the. same regardless of the type. of; pigment, as hereinafter shown in..theexamples. a

Another. important. feature of theeinvention. resides .in .the. use.' of: resins which .may; be: char. acterized ashigh melting. Highmelting resins. are..preferred so thatthegran-ules of material remaindiscrete and do not stick or flow together under storage at ,normal temperatures,- or even. the highest temperatures. under. which the productnmightflbe stored. It willbe understood: that there maybe some softening;of the resin before the melting temperature is reached. The-resin, however, must. show no. substantial softening. at. atmospherictemperatures, and preferably should notscftenor. start tomelt at temperatures below 100 C.. Resinsmelting around 130 degrees-0., orhigher. (ball. and ring. method) are. preferred, although it will .be.understoo.d that resins having a somewhat, lower melting. may. be. used where storage conditions are notadversel. 'I'hus Velsicol .ABll-e (melting. point; 112.,8e118.3' degrees.-

C.) produces an entirely satisfactory product for most purposes, as hereinafter described. The resin employed for coating the pigment particles should be soluble in the liquid vehicle, in which the resin-pigment composition is to be dispersed.

Tozdemonstrate. the invention acseries: of test resin-pigment; compositions. were; prepared. In each case a suitable resin and a pigment were milled together on a 2-ro1l rubber mill, one roll of 'which .was heated by steam to a temperature which permitted; easy milling (20 to 45 pounds gage) theothenroll being cold. One roll rotated fasten-than theother. The resin-pigment ratio was; changediimsuccessive runs in steps of 10 unitsoff percentage composition, except at the low-resin pigment ratios where difiiculty was encounteredin milling. In these regions the composition was altered more gradually. The resinpigment-composition adhered to the hot roll from which it was cut and. re-milled from time to time.- Themilling was .continuediuntilya glossy chip; or mi-rrora-lil-re: appearance, was, obtained; thereby; indicating; that: the; pigment :was. coated with theeresin since-itv no longer; had; afiatr apt-- pearance.

Ther'milledz resin pigment mixture-was; allowed totcool-dn a--.thin; sheet, was;then broken .-up"-man+ ually and passed once :through i a micropulverizen. to produce powdered -resin..-p i-g-ment compositions;

The colored pigments chosen. were; Toluidine: Red,Monastral Blue, Lampblack, ,PrussianBlue; Red;-v Iron Oxide; Ferrite Yellow, Light Chrome; Green, and Chrome 'Yellown The resinsr-usedfior; coating,. each. of :thesepigments in the. mannerr 1 previously-{describedon a 2+ro1l rubberrmilL-were aapentaerythritol ester of a rosinvma-leic zanhya dride addition product soldunder the-.nameJPem talynt G; and -,a:, resinous: hydrocarbonzcondensa-rtion a product; obtained: by. the: polymerization; of.

recycler. stock; derived? as: a; byproduct: of". oil

cracking; the: polymerization being'eifected". by. the; FriedeleCrafts method; in ..thepresence; of! aluminum: chloride sold; under the. name Vel-- sicol .AB1l;-4: RecycIe-stockrisa.petroleum frac-- tion boiling within the-range of'about 200 -de=-" greesato: about 450: degree F." comprising olefins and I diolefins both: straight chain a and" cyclic in nature and" derived from" the' high temperature== cracking-of naphtha and gas oil fractions. The

latter had" a specific gravity within' the range from 11090 to 12120, ameltingpoint 'of 235 degrees 'Frto 245 degrees by the ball and ring method; an" iodine numberof' 65 to- 'by'the- Wijs= method, an-acidnumberpffi or lessy andat colorofe (Barrett) Both resins. were soluble in aliphatic petroleum solvents;

Intesting the resin-pigment compositions; two white'enamels were.used and a predetermined weight'of colored resin-pigment composition was.

added to.a predetermined weight of feach typ e.

of enamel, in. the .mannerpreviously, described.

Each. enamellcontaihed. 1.75 pounds. of.lr.u.ti1e-.

titanium. dioxide (white pigment). per. gallon of.

enamel; One. of. these. enamels, referredto. as.

enamel A, had an oleoresinous varnishes a vehi-.- clein which .the resin wasa pentaerythritol ester. of rosin and theoiLwas; dehydrated castoroil,. this. varnish. being. 25 gallons .in. length, .that is to.say, .it contained. 25 gallons of oilper.

poundspf. resin, .Orapproximately. two pounds. ofoil .1: er pound of .resin.

The vehicle ofthesecondename1,..referred.to

herein as, enamel ,B, was an alkyd varnish which c0ntained.2l.% phthalic anhydride:.and.29.%;of..

. weights of pigment.

a vegetable oil'composed of equal parts of linseed oil and alkali refined soya bean oil.

The various pigment-resin compositions prepared as previously described were added to 200 grams of each enamel in proportions such that the weight of colored pigment was the same in each test within a given series. Therefore, if

dine Red and the resin was Velsicol ABlli. The proportion of the resin-pigment composition added to white enamels Aand B corresponded to 1.5 grams of colored pigment per 200 grams of each enamel. f

The results obtained are illustrated in the following table:

Table I Percent Pigment 10 50 60 70 Percent Resin 90 80 60 5O 40 30 P00 Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Fair Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Good Poor Poor 0. K. O. K. 0. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Poor 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Poor 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Poor.

0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Poor 0. K. 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Poor 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Poor 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Poor the dispersion of the colored pigment was equal and the dispersibility of the pigment-resin dis- 2 persion was complete, the same tint was produced in each case.

The various pigment-resin dispersions were equally dispersible in the oleoresinous and the alkyd enamels. They dispersed slightly faster in the latter than in the former. Since the results were substantially similar with enamels A and B, it will be understood that in each of the following examples thetables given are applicable to both types of white enamel when employed in conjunction with the given colored pigment-resin composition.

I The dispersibility of each series of powders was tested by stirring into a white enamel such weights of the powders as contained equal Stirring was manual, but timed at approximately 120'strokes per minute. Atthe end of each minute, a few drops of the mixture were placed on a non-porous white paper, pressed and drawn down with a broad spatula. The dispersibility was deduced from the degree of streaking and tabulated.

At the end of 10 minutes stirring, the now pigmented enamel was brushed out on paper and a '.005"-film drawn down with a gage. The comparative depths of color in the brushed out and drawn down films gave a second criterion of dispersibility.

The results are shown in the following examby weight. The first column in each table in the examples gives the time of stirring in min- I EXAMPLE. I l

In this example the colored pigment was Tolui- Each succeeding column represents an As shown in this table the critical minimum ratio of resin to pigment with this particular pigment was 50% by weight of resin and 50% by weight of pigment. The optimum ratio appeared to be at resin to 30% pigment. Poor results were obtained with 40% resin and 60% pigment, thus demonstrating that there is a critical minimum ratio of resin to pigment.

EXAMPLE II In this example the colored pigment was Toluidine Red and the resin was Pentalyn G. The proportion if the resin-pigment composition added to white enamels A and B corresponded to 1.5 grams of colored pigment per 200 grams of each enamel.

The results obtained with compositions containing different ratios of resin to pigment are illustrated in the following table: I

Table I I Percent Pigment. 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Resin. 90 70 60 50 40 l min Poor Poor Poor 2 min Fair Fair 3 min Good Fair Fair 0 O. O. K. O. K. Fair O O. O. K. O. K. Good 6min O. 0. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. 0. O. K. O. K. O. K.

O. O. O. K. O. K. O. K.

O O. O. K. O. K. O. K.

O 0. O. K. O. K. 0. K.

EXAMPLE III In this example the colored pigment was Chrome Yellow and the resin was Velsicol ABl 1-4. The proportion of the resin-pigment composition added to white enamels A and B corresponded to 3 grams of colored pigment per 200 grams of each enamel.

p The results obtained with compositions containing different ratios of resin to pigment are lustrated in the following table:

Table III Percent Pigment Percent Resin cum EXAMPIEIV Iiij' this example" the colored pigment was Prussian;Bli1e and'the resin wasVelsicol 'AB11-4. The proportion of" the resin-pigment composition addedito white enamels A" and' B corresponded to 1 gram ofcolored pigmentper 200 grams of each enamel.

The results obtained with compositions containing difierent ratios of resinto pigment are illustrated in the followingrtable:

Table IV Percent Pigment 10 2O 30 40' 50 60 Percent Resin; 90 80- 70 60 50 40 Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Fair Good Fair Fair 1 Poor Good Good Ol K; Good Fair Poor 0. K. O. K. 0L K. O. K. O. K. Poor 0. K. O. K. 01 K. O. K. O. K. Poor 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor 0. K. O. K O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor 0. K. O.'KL O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor 0. K. OJ K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Poor Table V Percent Pigment. Percent Resin...

Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor

Poor

Poor

8. taining different. ratios .of. resin .to pigment are illustrated; the following xtable Table VI Percent Pigment 10 20 Percent Resin 90 80 70 Y 50 Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor EXAMPLE VII In this example the colored pigment was Light Chrome Green and the resin was VelsicolAB11-4. The proportion of the resin-pigment composition added to white enamels A and B corre- Table VII Percent Pigment 30 40 50 60 y l Percent Resin 70 60 50' 40' 3O 20 Poor Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Good Fair Fair Poor Good- 0. K. Goodv Good Poor O.'K. 0. K; 0. K. 0. K1 Poor 0. K. 0. K. O.K'.. O. K. Fa'ir O. K. O. K. O. K; O. K.v Fair- O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Fair 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Fair 0. K. O. K. O, O. Fair 0. K. O. K. O. K. O.K. Fair EXAMPLE VIII' In.this:example.the colored pigmentwas F81? rite. Yellow andtheresin was Velsicol ABM-4.. The proportion of the resin-pigment composition added to white enamels: A andB correspondedv to 3 grams of'eolored pigment. per 100 grams-'01., each enamel.

The results obtained with compositions-containingdifierent ratios of resin to pigment are. illustrated in the following table:

Table VIII Percent Pigment 1O 20 30 40 50 60 0 Percent Resin 80 70 60 50 40 1:0 Poor. Poor Poor- Poor 001 P001" oor P001" K. O. K. 0. Poor- Poor K. O. K. 0. Poor Poor K. O. 0. Poor' Poor K. O. 0. Poor Poor K. O. 0. Poor Poor K. O. 0. Poor Poor EXAMPLE VI In this example the colored pigment was Lampblaek and the resin was Velsicol AB11-4. The

proportion of the resin-pigment" composition F added to'white enamels .Aand'B corresponded togram'of colored pigment per 200 grams of each enamel;

'I'hesresultsrobtained with compositions con- EXAMPLE IX Table IX i Ier'cent Pigment 10 20 so 40 50 70 80 Percent Resin i 90 80 70 6,0 50 40 30' 20 Poor P P00 I Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Fair Fair Poor Poor Fair Fair Fair 0. K. Fair Fair 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. Good Fair 0. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. O. K. Good 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0.. K. 0. K. Good 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. O.'K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. .0. K. 0. K. 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K.

. l5 taining difierent ratios of resin to pigment are EXAMPLE X illustrated in the following table: l

In this example the colored pigment wa Table XI Monastral Blue and the resin was Pentalyn (3.. i

Percent Pigment 30 1 -35 The proport on of the resin pigment composltlon 20 Percent Resin n 90 1 80 1 7O 65 added to white enamels A and B corresponded to v I 1 gram of colored pigment per 200 grams of each Pm Poor enamel. ga l rai P OOT air 00 air :Ihe results obtained with compos tions con 41m um; Good Good Fair taming d1fierent ratios of resin to pigment are gmim. 8 1 H1111 illustrated in the following table. 7mm K K O. K O K Table 1X 01K: -0IKI 01 K:

Percent Pigment 0 10 20 25 EXAMPLE {XII Percent Resin 90 80 75 In this example the coloredj nigm ntviva s Poor Poor Poor Chrome Yellow and the resin was Pentalyn G.

23 .The proportion of; the. resimpigment composition addedto white enamelsAand B corresponded to 3 grams of colored pigment per. 20,0,gramsp-f Good each enamel.

00000053,- 0 newness .FFWFWW 3333 The results obtained with compositions containing diflferent ratios of resin to pigment are illustrated in the following table: 1

Table XII Percent Pigment". 10 20 30 40 e0 70 15 Percent Resin 90 80 70 50 40 30 25 Poor Poor Fair Poor 3min Fair Fair 4 min. K. O, O. C. O. K. Good 5 mm. K. o. 0. K. 0. K. Good 6 min.. K. 0. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 7min .K. o. 0. K. 0. K. 0. K. 3mm. .K. o. ,O;K.- 5 ..o.,K. 01K. 9111111..-. .K. 0. 0. K. .0 K 0. K. o. 0'. K. f0 0. K.

a in this. example the ".coloredjpigment In this example the colored plgment was Ferrite Yeudw and-the r n Was-P I .Lampblack and the resin was PentalynG- The The proportion of there'sin pig'ment eompo proportion of the resin-pigment composition 7 added to white enamels A and B corresponddto 3 grams of colored pigment per 209 grams of added to white enamels A and B corr sp each enameL 1/2 gram of colored pigment 1391.200 grams of h The results obtained with compositions conenamel. taming different ratios of resin to pigment are The results obtained with compositions .con- 75 illustrated in the following table:

" Table XIII recent Pigment 10 20 so 40 50 .60 J Percent Resin.. 90

Poor

Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair" Fair Fair Good. Good Good Good 0. K.'- .Good 0. K. 0. K. Good OK. I 0.K. '{Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. O. K. O, K. O. K. O. K. 0. K.

.11 EXAMPLE XIV In this example the colored pigment was Prussian Blue and the resin was Pentalyn G. 'The proportion of the resin-pigment composition added to white enamels A andBcorresponded to 1 gram of colored pigment per 200 grams of -each enamel.

The results obtained with compositionscontaining different ratios of resin.to;pigment are The following. exam al s illustrate the effect of particle size of the pigment-resin compositions upon the results obtained. The resins :were

coated on ,the pigments in a 2-roll mill inthe manner .previously :describecLthe cooled sheets .were brokenup' then passed through a corn grind- .er-which yielded a ,powder of wide particle .size

illustrated in the following table:

Table XIV Percent Pigmentuo t 10 20, Percent Resin 90 -80 -60 50 45 i0 1 min Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Poor Poor Good Poor' Poor K. O. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. Poor Poor K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Fair- Poor ,K. ',O.,.K. \0. K. ,0. K. ,O. K. Good Poor ,0. K. 0., K.. ,0. K. ,0. K. Good Poor K. '.O. K. .OrK. O. K. O; K. Good Poor K. ,.O. K. ,O. Kt O. K. Good Poor XV 25 distribution. These particles were graded by In this example ;the.'colored pigment. was. Light Chrome Green and the resin was Pentalyn G. The proportion oftherresimpigment composition added to white enamels A and B corresponded to 2 gramsbf colored-pigment per-200 grams of each 30 enamel. l

The"- -results obtained twith compositions containingdlfierent ratios :of resin to pigment are i'llustrated -in the following table:

shaking through a series of sieves into the mesh sizes indicated in the tables in the examples.

Samples of'these-graded-particles were chosen asto contain equal weights of pigment and were .stirred into white enamels A and-B. The stirring, testing-and the reading ,of results were carried liable [XV Percent Pigment..- 1. 7 0 4 0 .6 .70 Percent Resin '80' 70 60 50 4O 3O 25 Poor Poor Poor, Fair Poor Fair Fair I Good Good O.-K. O. K. O. K. v 0. K. 0. K. O. K; O. K. O. K. O. 'K. 10111111... Y.,.. O. K. O.'K.

The approximatepritical ratios of resin topigment in'the composite resin-pigment particles as illustrated by the foregoing examples are summarized briefly inthe.-following table (Table A), which also,gives the approximate particle size of"th'e;pigments employedin making ;the.composite resin-pigment particles in the -foregoing out in the manner previously indicated. The re- 'sults are tabulated for two pigments of very dif- I :tvhite enamels A and B, each in the proportion examples ,Table Av .Rartrcie .Cri caLRe -Bigme -Size of E Re-tio i m nt 945553 1 Velsicol graphic t Pentalyn G Methods. 4

.Group I:

Monastral Blue i-. 2 .589/2j1 3/2 Lampblack .os-.2 7/3 I .5 3.5 Group II:

i';Prussian Blue. .72 qToluidine Red 2-. 3 5/5 4/5 1 Ferrite ellow 256. 3 4-5154 3. 5-5/6. 5 6 V .3.

3 .45 3/7 2-3/8-7 A j. ..40. 515 3/7 ,2. 5-3/7. 5 -7 'Chrorne,ello,w .4-.5 4/6 2.;=53.0/7, 5-7

' 1 Friabl e, tendency to break to fine particles in grinding.

of 1,5 grams of pigment per 200 grams of enamel, thereby producing a number of colored enamel "samples which were tested for color development 'inthevmanner previously described, with the re- ..sultsillustrated in the following table:

I Table XVI Pigment Mesh N Over 20-30 -40 -50 -60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-200 Unodler Time Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Poor Poor 7 P001 Poor Poor Poor Fair Fair Fair Good Fair Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Fair Good Good Good- Good Good Fair Poor Poor Poor Fair Good Good 0. K. O. K. Good Good Poor Poor Fair Good Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. Good.

Fair Fair Fair 0. K. 0. K O; K. O. K. i 0. K. O. K. O. K. Good Fair Fair Fair 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. O. K. Good Fair Fair Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. Fair Good Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Fair Good Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K.

As will be observed, the best color development was obtained within a certain range. Furthermore, within a predetermined range an optimum color development was obtained in a minimum period of time. On the other hand, as the particle size of the resin-pigment composition decreased beyond a certain point the color development also decreased.

EXAMPLE XVII p In a manner similar to that described in Example XVI, a pigment composition containing 80% Pentalyn G and 20% Monastral Blue was tested to determine the effect of particle size on color development and dispersibility characteristic using one gram of pigment per 200 grams of each of the white enamels A and B. The results are illustrated in the following table:

ratio withthesame pigment and the color development began to drop sharply. In a similar manner, Table XV may be compared with Table VII.v The results in the tables clearly illustrate that there predetermined minimum ratio of resin to pigment required for the purpose of thein; vention.

The expression predetermined relatively. large ratios of resin to pigment refers to percentage ratios of the type described in thi specification, taking into account the different types of pigments. In all cases these ratios are relatively large as compared with resin to pigment ratios Table XVII Pigment Mesh N o Over 20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-00 60-80 80-l00 100-120 120-140 140-200 Under Time Poor Poor Poor P001 Poor Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Fair Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Good' Good Good Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Poor Poor Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. Good Fai Fair Poor Poor- Poor Fair 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Fair Fair Poor Poor Fair Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Good Good Poor 'Poor Fair Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. O. K. Good Good Poor Fair Good 0. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K; O. K. Good Good Poor Fair 0, K. 0. K. O. K; 0. K. O. K. O. K. 0. K. Good Good Poor Fair 0, K. O. K, O. K. 0.11. O. K. O. K. O. K, Good Good Poor Fair 0. K. O. K. 0. K. 05K. 0. K. O..K.'. O. K. O. K. Good Again it was shown, as in Example XVI, that the particle size of the resin-pigment composi- 5 tionafiected the results obtained within a range which could be predetermined. Alsorit was observed that this range'was approximately the same as that in Example XVI, the optimum results in each case being obtained with a composite resin-pigment having a particle size between 40 and 200 mesh, and preferably from about 50 to 140 mesh (calculated as square openings per square inch).

The following Table B summarizes the results of Examples XVI and XVII: Table B.--Partz'cle size ofcompositeresin-pig- I ment particles required for full color developent by manual stirring g i 3 Min 4 Min. 5 Min. I

1 min G-Red Iron oxide .Q 80-140 60-200 Pentalfi G Monastral Blue 00-120 50-140 50-l40 In the examples, where blank spaces occur in the tables no data were taken. In some of the tables, theratios of resin to pigment below the predetermined. critical minimum are notshown, but in each'such' instance these results are ilthat had been used before for most purposes. The required ratios, however, as already demonstrated, are greater withsome types of pigment than with others. Thus, with pigments approximating the surface and density characteristics of Monastral Blue (Copper Phthalocyanine); the predetermined critical minimum ratio of resin to pigment approximates 65% resin to 35% pigment, and the optimum or'preferred ratio approximates resin to 15% pigment. With pigments approximating the surface and density characteristics of Iron Blue (Prussian Blue) the predetermined critical minimum ratio of resin to pigment is approximately 50% resin to 50% pigment, and the optimum or preferred ratio is about 70% resin to 30% pigment. With the heavier types of pigment approximating the physical characteristics of Chrome Green, the predetermined minimum ratio of resin to pigment approximates 20% to 25% .resin to 75%-80 pigment, and the optimum or preferred ratio approximates 40% resin to 60% pigment. The maximum ratio of resin to pigment is limited largely by practical considerations and can be as high as resin to 10% pigment, although in most instances the optimum results are obtained at a lower ratio of resin to pigment, and,

.aeragreo T15 therefore, it would be uneconomical to employ larger percentages of resin than those at which the optimum results are obtained.

The results given in the examplesillustrate that the invention is applicable to all types of pigments. It is applicable not only to colored pigments, but also to white pigments. 'The'white pigments can be employed in about the "same manner as the colored pigments :except .that whereas the colored pigments requireonly several grams of pigment per allonof coating composition, the white pigmentsxmay requireas much as four pounds of pigment'pdngallon.

The invention is not limited to the use of-any particular resin for coating the-pigmentparticles. Th :resinxshouldbeone which-will form a'coating or (film-.onthe pigment particles; it should have asrelatively high melting point soas to-be-substantially non-softening under conditions of storage; and use aim-should preferably-be --a filmforming :resin which is preferably insoluble in water :and soluble inaliphatic =hydrocarbn solvents, rand 1 it --must -be soluble in the vehic'le in which the powdered -resin-pigment composition is 'to be dispersed. Excellent results have been obtained with the. two types of "resins -'given in the examples. Other illustrations of suitable resins'are Congo ester and ester gum.

'l he 'invention is not limited to any-particular manner ormeans for coating the discrete pigment-particles with the resin. The method and apparatus described-with respect to the examples givesverysatisfactory results, but other methods and apparatus may be used.

The examples also illustrate the application of the invention to two of the principal types of vehicles employed in makingpigmented coating compositions, namely, oleoresinous varnishes and alkyd resin vehicles. The invention is not limited to these two types of vehicles, butmay also-be employed with other liquid vehicles having .suitable drying, film-forming and/or otherrqualities, depending upon the desired use of the product. Thus, to prepare a house paintthe resin-pigment composition would be mixed withlinseednil or other type of oil suitable for this .purpose; to prepare a fiat wall or semi-glossfinish it would be mixed with an oleoresinous varnish; to prepare anautomotive finish it'would be mixed with an allgyd varnish; and to prepare a pigmented .lacquerit would :be mixed with a nitrccelluloseor other lacquer of this type. Accordingly, :the .invention is .applicablegenenallyxto the. preparation of pigmentedcoating;compositions.

The vehicle to which :theipowdered :resinepigment composition is addedmayzbe a clear vehicle or ,a pigmented-vehicle. 'Excellentrresults are obtained in.either case. .The'invention'is'particularly :important, :however, where the powdered resin-pigment composition is added to -a pigmented vehicle such as a white enamel. In this mannerthe-white enamelcan be used-asa base for any desired color. All'it requires is the addition of the powdered resin-pigment composition which provides the color, the principal covering power being supplied by the base enamel.

The examples indicate that the-desirable ratio of resin to pigmentissomewhat dependent upon the resin employed. The use of, diiferenttypes of resins, however, does not substantially change the critical minimum ratios for the :various types of pigments.

In the practice of "the invention, auxiliary sub- "1'6 stancesysuchias mica or other anti-bonding or anti-blocking agents can .be .added to .the composite resin-pigment particles, preferably after they have been screened to size. Thesestibstances are adapted to prevent sticking, 'andin some cases the use of such substances will permitthe use of resins having 'a'somewhat'lower melting point. 'Other examples of suitable antibonding agents .are .whiting, chalk, talc, starch and :similar materials. The quantity employed should preferably be; aboutz 5 vto.-10 .byweight of the composite; pigment. Larger amounts :are usually unnecessary and merely irhave. .a diluting efiect. The preferred type of 'anti bonding'agent is afinely ground ormicronized-mica.

Dispersing and.wetting agents=maybe incorporated iwiththe composite resin pigment particles butzarernot:considerednecessary.

The invention provides a new system or method forhandlingand preparingalltypes'df pigmented coating :compositions, including paints, enamels and lacquers. :Instead of the pigmen flbeing'incorporated into the vehicle -by the manufacturer as is customary at,-present, the pigment and the vehicle are supplied separately as a plural component or multi-component product, thej'pigment 'being supplied in the form of a'rela'tively small package of the powdered resin-pigment composition and'thevehicle-being"supplied either as a --clear l base or "a pigmented base vehicle, in which the 'resin of the;pov. dered resin-pigment composition is soluble.

The powdered resin-pigment "composition is freaflowing,non-sticky, and disperses in the vehicle merely by hand stirring in a relatively short period'of time, say from 2 to 10 minutes, the time varying somewhat depending upon .the uantity being mixed. During this dispersion theresin-of the powdered resin pigment composition dissolves in the vehicle, liberating individual pigment particles which :attain full color development. The invention 'provides compositions which produce thedesired result with the .minimum "formation of agglomerated particles such as 'causestreaks when the resultant ,pigmented :coating composition is applied. Thefact that the ;use of a relati-vely largeamount of resin in preparing the powdered resin-pigment composition nontributes to these mew .and improved results .issurprising, since. athin-coating,of.resinon thepigmentrparticles..mightbe expected to.-produce amoremapid solution of .resin and-hencera more mapid-dispersion andcolorgdevelopment of-the pigment.

Alfurther important advantage of 'the inventionhresides in .the fact that no apparatus is mequired to disperse the ,powdered s-resin-pigment composition. in i the vehicle. The grinding methodsiheretofore employed for incorporating :the pigment into the vehicle arereplaced bysimple hand .or manual stirring. .No expert rhandling is required because all vthatiscnecessary.is-to'mix manually a package of the powdered pigment composition containinga predetermined'quantity thereof with a predetermined quantity :of the vehicle. I

The invention makes it'possible to reduce the amount of liquid vehicle required to be tied up in storage, especially 'on'retail store shelves, as

compared to present day requirements. It reduces the initial expense of the retailer in building up an inventory, it reduces the carrying charges, and greatly reduces storage space requirementsthereby resulting in anover-allsavmg to the consumer. *The .screen sizes-given throughout the specification and claims refer-to the United States Sieve series of the United States Bureau of Standards (1919) series.

filed of even date are continuations-in-part as to common subject matter of U. S. Serial No. 573,314, filed January 17, 1945,'now abandoned.

Having thus described the invention, what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Pat ent of the United States is:

1. A'method of preparing a pigmented composition which compris'es'dispersing a colored pigment in a resin, the pigment characterized by an average particle diameter of from 0.3 to 0.5 mi cron, said resin friable at 20 C. but plastic at elevated temperatures and soluble in oleoresinous varnishes,, dispersing saidpigment in said resin while the resin is in a plastic state, and said pigment constituting at least 50% but not morethan 80% by weight of the totalv pigment-in-resin mixture, thereafter cooling the pigment-resin dispersion to a temperature at which the resin is friable, and pulverizing, classifying and retaining the particles of the resultant color concentrate passing through a 40 mesh screen and withheld on a 200 mesh screen.

2. A granular color concentrate useful to change the coloration of a liquid paint system in a uniform manner through manual incorporation therein which comprises a pigmented resin, drypowdered, the colored pigment characterized by an average particle diameter of from 0.3 to 0.5 micron, dispersed in a resin friable at 20 C. but plastic at elevated temperatures and soluble in oleoresinous varnishes, said pigment constituting at least 50% but not more than 80% by weight of the total pigment-in-resin dispersion, and said solid concentrate classified in particle size to pass through a 40 mesh screen and withheld on a 200 mesh screen.

3. A method of preparing a pigmented composition which comprises dispersing a pigment in a resin, the pigment selected from the group consisting of red iron oxides, chrome greens and chrome yellows, the resin friable at 20 0., plastic at elevated temperatures, and soluble in'oleo resinous varnishes, dispersing said pigment in said resin while the resin is in a plastic state, said pigment constituting at least 50% but not more than 80% by weight of the total pigmentin-resin mixture, thereafter cooling the pigmentresin dispersion to a temperature at which the resin is friable, and pulverizing, classifying and retaining the particles of the resultant color concentrate passing through a 40 mesh screen and withheld on a 200 mesh screen.

4. A method of preparing a pigmented composition which comprises dispersing a pigment in a resin, the pigment selected from the group consisting of red iron oxides, chrome greens and chrome yellows, each of said pigments having an average particle diameter of from 0.3 to 0.5 micron, the resin friable at 20 C. but plastic at elevated temperatures and soluble in oleoresinous varnishes, dispersing said pigment in said resin while the resin is in a plastic state, said pigment constituting at least 50% but not more than 80% by weight of the total pigment-in-resin mixture, thereafter cooling said dispersion to a temperature at which the resin is friable and pulverizing, classifying and retaining the particles of the resultant color concentrate passing through a 40 mesh screen and withheld on a 200 mesh screen.

5. A method of preparing a pigmented composition which comprises dispersing apigment in ing an average particlev diameter of from 0.3 to 0.5 micron, the resin friable at room temperature but plastic at elevated temperatures and soluble in oleoresinous varnishes, dispersing said pigment in said resin while the resin is in a plastic state and said pigment constituting at least 50% but not more than 80% by weight ofthe total pigment-in-resin mixture, thereafter cooling said dispersion to a temperature at which the resin is friable, and pulverizing, classifying andretaining the particles of the resultant color concentrate passing through a 40 mesh screen and withheld on a 200 mesh screen.

6. Same as claim 5, wherein the pigmentis a chrome green.

7.. Same as claim 5, wherein the pigm ntiisa chrome yellow.

8. A method of preparing a pigmentedzcomp'osition which comprises dispersing a pigment ina resin, said-pigment selected from the groupconsisting of red iron oxides, chrome greensv and chrome yellows, eachof said pigments having an average particle diameter of from 0.3 to 0.5 micron, said resin friable at 20 C. but plastic at elevated temperatures and soluble in oleoresinous varnishes, dispersing said pigment in said resin while the resin is in a plastic state and said pigment constituting at least 55% but not more than 65% by weight of the total pigment-in-resin mixure, thereafter cooling said pigment-resin dispersion to a temperature at which the resin is friable, and pulverizing, classifying and retaining the particles of the resultant color concentrate passing through a 50 mesh screen and withheld on a 140 mesh screen.

9. A method of preparing a pigmented composition which comprises dispersing a pigment in a resin, said pigment being a red iron oxide having an average particle diameter of from 0.3 to 0.5

micron, and said resin friable at 20 C. but plastic at elevated temperatures and soluble in oleoresinous varnishes, dispersing said pigment in said resin while the resin is in a plastic state, said pigment constituting at least 55% but not more than 65% by weight of the total pigment-inresin mixure, thereafter cooling said pigmentresin dispersion to a temperature at which the resin is friable, and'pulverizing, classifying and retaining the particles of the resultant color concentrate passing through a 50 mesh screen and withheld on a 140 mesh screen.

10. Same as claim 9, wherein the pigment is a chrome green.

11. Same as claim 9, wherein the pigment is a. chrome yellow.

12. A granular color concentrate useful to change the coloration of a liquid paint system in a uniform manner through manual incorporation therein which comprises a pigmented resin, dry-powdered, the pigmentary portion selected from the group consisting of red iron oxides, chrome greens and chrome yellows, each of said pigments having an average particle diameter of from 0.3 to 0.5 micron, dispersed in a resin friable at 20 C. but plastic at elevated temperatures and soluble in oleoresinous varnishes, said pigment constituting at least 50% but not more than by weight of the total pigmentin-resin dispersion, and said solid concentrate classified in particle size so as to completely pass through a 40 mesh screen and retained on a 200 mesh screen.

13. A granular color concentrate useful to change the coloration of a liquid paint system in :a uniform unannerlthrough manual incorporation therein :comprises a pigmented resin,

dry-powdered, the pigmentary portion selected from the group consisting of red iron oxides, chrome-greens and chrome yellows, each of said pigments having an average particle diameter of "from 0.3 to 0.5 micron, dispersed in a friable but thermoplastic resin soluble in oleoresinous varnishes, said pigment constituting at least 55% but .not more than 65% by weight of the ztotal pigment-in-resin dispersion, and said solid concentrate preferentially classified in vparticle size .so "as to completely pass through a 50 mesh screen and be retained on a 140 mesh screen.

114. A granular color concentrate useful to change the coloration of a liquid paint system in a; uniform manner through manual incorporation therein which comprises a pigmented resin, dry-powdered, the pigmentary portion being a red iron oxide having an average particle diameter of from 03 to 0.5 micron, dispersed in a friable but thermoplastic resin soluble in oleo- '20 resinous vamis'h'es, said pigment constituting at least but not more than by Weight of the total pigment-in-resin dispersion and said solid concentrate preferentially classified in particle size so as to completely pass through a 50 mesh screen and retained on a mesh screen. 15. Same as claim .14, wherein the pigment is a chrome green.

16. Same as claim 14, wherein the pigment is a chrome yellow.

WILLIAM T. WALTON. ARTHUR B. .HOL'I'ON.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date I 2,000,003 Verbyla Apr. 30, 1935 2,244,020 Patton June 3, 1941 2,379,237 Jenkins June 26, 1945 

